Planning a Training Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning a Training Program - Essay Example Making crochet starts with learning about chain stitching. At the second phase, the trainees will be provided training about ‘how to stitch’. Chain stitching is a needlework stitching method in which a chain design is developed from twisted stitches. It is considered as a traditional craft method. Chain stitching does not necessitate needle badge and due to this reason, the stitch is considered as actual surface embroidery on complete fabric. In this phase, the trainers will learn about making curved line and numerous sewing patterns.   Two significant trainings will be provided in this stage, one is hand stitching and the other one is machine stitching technique. Hand stitching will be the fundamental training for developing crochet. After acquiring complete grasp of hand stitching, the trainees will know about how to do machine stitching as an advanced stitching technique. It is considered as a faster as well as more secured stitching method. Third Stage: Single Croc hetIn the third stage, the learners will be provided training about how to make single crochet. Single crochet is one of the most vital phases for learning crochet because without it no one will be able to prepare the double crochet properly and the whole training will become a chaos. The single crochet training will instruct the following aspects:†¢Ã‚  Method of implanting the crochet hook†¢Ã‚  Method of yarningAfter completely understanding the process of single crochet, the trainees will be provided teaching about conducting the dual crochet.... several types of hooks, yarns, and threads Recognizing the uses of other significant components such as scissors, safety pins, stitch markers, buttons, and zippers among others Measuring the length and the breadth of crochet that needs to be developed Selecting appropriate needles for crochet and, Calculating number of stitches in crochet Second Stage: Chain Stitching Making crochet starts with learning about chain stitching. At the second phase, the trainees will be provided training about ‘how to stitch’. Chain stitching is a needlework stitching method in which a chain design is developed from twisted stitches. It is considered as a traditional craft method. Chain stitching does not necessitate needle badge and due to this reason, the stitch is considered as actual surface embroidery on complete fabric. In this phase, the trainers will learn about making curved line and numerous sewing patterns. Two significant trainings will be provided in this stage, one is hand sti tching and the other one is machine stitching technique. Hand stitching will be the fundamental training for developing crochet. After acquiring complete grasp of hand stitching, the trainees will know about how to do machine stitching as an advanced stitching technique. It is considered as a faster as well as more secured stitching method. Third Stage: Single Crochet In the third stage, the learners will be provided training about how to make single crochet. Single crochet is one of the most vital phases for learning crochet because without it no one will be able to prepare the double crochet properly and the whole training will become a chaos. The single crochet training will instruct the following aspects: Method of implanting the crochet hook Method of yarning Drawing up the circle Conducting

The Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds

The Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds Introduction: The development of environmentally more benign and efficient synthetic methods has stimulated the evolution of new strategies and technologies for the synthesis of useful products in a safe, compact, and energy efficient manner. In this respect our preliminary focus to investigate typically efficient and complementary methodology with palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of nitro arenes employing CO gas. CO represents the most important C1 building block molecule to introduce a carbonyl group into parent molecules. In the last fifty years, the reductive carbonylation of organic nitro compounds has been the subject of intense research due to the fact that industrially important chemicals can be obtained in a single step. Among these, the most relevant are isocyanates, ureas and carbamates but also a number of heterocycles and other non-cyclic compounds. Isocyanates are commodity chemicals mostly employed in polyurethane synthesis but also intermediates in the production of carbamates and ureas. Polyurethanes are widely applied in almost every part of modern life in the form of plastic foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers and binders. The most widely employed aromatic isocyanates are especially toluenediisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) that account for more than seven million metric tons per year. Synthesis of Isocyanetes: Currently, industrial synthesis of isocyanates is carried out with two step reaction process using nitroarenes with very high yield and selectivity. Nitroarenes is usually reduced to corresponding aniline using heterogeneous transition metal catalyst, and subsequently the amine is reacted with phosgene to give corresponding isocyanate along with hydrochloric acid. Phosgene based synthetic route seemed to be effective and well established technology employed. Major drawbacks of the phosgene based synthesis: There are essentially four major drawbacks with the synthesis of MDI and TDI via phosgene route. The first and most prominent observation are its extreme toxicity and flammability of phosgene and isocyanates, which make these chemicals extremely difficult to handle in bulk synthesis. Phosgene was used as a chemical weapon during the World War I, and around million people were injured and got killed by the use of poisonous gases. The second major drawback is the production of corrosive hydrochloric acid, rendering the medium very aggressive with time, thus allowing other side reaction to occur and to result in reactor degradation. The third limiting factor is the dilution of reaction medium as the high dilution is required to avoid recycling and concentration costs. The final drawback is the isolation of pure isocyanate from reaction mixture. The chloride containing side products are difficult-to-remove from the final product leading to detrimental to the further processing of the isocyanate. Considering above drawbacks, any process design incorporating phosgene will get extra costs to ensure a safe environment. Industrial requirements for an alternative isocyanate synthesis: In order to replace the phosgene route, a number of requirements can be made in the ideal scenario. First of all, readily accessible chemicals should be used and second, they should be as harmless as possible. Finally, a one-step synthetic procedure will be the route par excellence. A high overall yield, purity and selectivity, a temperature close to about 25 oC and the absence of over and/or under pressures in the plant should be preserved ideally. In principle, most of the requirements could be met by an efficient catalytic system.The additional requirements such as Turn Over Frequency (TOF) in the order of 104 h-1 or higher, Turn Over Number (TON) in the order of 106 or above and easy recycling of catalyst would be maintained. On this account, the necessity of environmentally acceptable but still economically competitive phosgene-free route to isocyanates synthesis is most demanding in near future. Alternative routes to TDI and MDI: Various synthetic pathways to isocyanates: Reductive carbonylation with Palladium metal catalyzed system has proved to be an effective transition metal catalytic system due to its ability to be oxidized or reduced easily during the reaction and high tendency to form complexes with carbamoyl groups.A palladium strongly prefers the oxidation states 0 and +2, which are separated by a relatively narrow energy gap, making palladium an excellent catalyst for both oxidation and reduction reactions. Secondly, the moderately large van der Waals radius of palladium together with the high number of delectrons (favorable d10 and d8 complexes) means that the organometal is classified as rather â€Å"soft†, with a high tendency for concerted reaction as well as a high affinity to â€Å"soft† and -donors, leading to useful chemoselectivity. Finally, Pd is relatively electronegative, resulting in a rather nonpolar Pd-C bond, suppressing the reactivity towards polar functional groups. In our previous report, nitrobenzene was typically used as a model substrate, and the use of palladium proved to result in the most effective catalytic systems. The carbonylation of nitrobenzene is generally performed in methanol using homogeneous palladium complexes supported by variable bidentate N- or P- donor ligands. Methyl phenyl carbamate (MPC) was synthesized including other side products. Isocyanates and catalysis: Within the vast variety of synthetic strategy for isocyanates, one of the approaches is to catalytically convert a nitro or amine compound to the corresponding isocyanate (see Figure 4). One of the approach using oxidative carbonylation and carboalkoxylation of aniline has been studied with various catalytic systems. However, aniline have to be synthesized by hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, thus considering industrial application, the most attractive strategy would be direct synthesis of isocyanates from nitro compounds which is also thermodynamically favorable. Reactivity of isocyanates and carbamates: Phosphorus and Nitrogen as donor atoms: Both phosphorus and nitrogen ligands of the YR3 (Y = P, N) type (called phosphines and amines respectively) can be described as sp3 hybrids in a (close to) tetrahedral geometry, having a lone pair on the central atom, capable of donating its electron density to an empty (transition) metal d-orbital. Amines are more electronegative than their phosphine analogues, so it could bind strongly with metal centre. However, unlike amines, phosphines can act as a Ï€ acid with their ÏÆ'* orbitals, so they can be involved in Ï€ backbonding (providing the metal has available d-electrons), rendering the overall bond strength larger than would be expected intuitively (see Figure 6). So, the overall bond strength is determined by an interplay of ÏÆ' donation and Ï€ backbonding, the first having an increasing contribution when electropositive/donating substituents are employed, the latter when electronegative/withdrawing substituents are used. In 1990, E. Drent et. al. reported the palladium catalyze reductive carbonylation of nitroarene introducing â€Å"soft-base† ligands like diphosphines in combination with strongly coordinating anions, or â€Å"hard-base† electron-donating ligands such as phenanthroline, combined with non- or weakly-coordinating anions, resulted in relatively active and selective catalytic systems (maximal TOF’s (h-1)/ carbamate selectivities (%) = 150/80 and 1600/98 for diphosphines and phenanthroline respectively). General remarks on P and N based systems: In general, the statement made by Drent already in 1990 that: ‘Pd with chelating â€Å"hard base† electron donating ligands such as phenanthroline, combined with   non or weakly coordinating anions, can result in relatively active and selective catalytic systems.’ Has been generally accepted and indeed thoroughly studied in the past decades by several people. On the other hand, the statement that: ‘Pd with chelating â€Å"soft-base†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ligands like diphosphines in combination with strongly   coordinating anions , can result in respectively active and selective catalytic systems.’ Has not yet been the subject of intense academic studies, most likely due to the poor results that were obtained initially, when compared to the N-donor systems. However, in principle, there is no reason why N-donor systems should be superior to P-donor systems, except that phosphine ligands are known to be easily oxidized, thus troubling both the preparation and use of such systems. On the basis of recent observations on chelating N-donor systems like 1,10-phenanthroline with electron donating substituents (R) in combination with Pd(II) and a weakly or non-coordinating anions (Y), comprises the most active systems to date (i.e. [Pd(Rxphen)2][Y]2). Since, 1, 10- phenanthroline (unfettered of substituents ) is relatively cheap and readily available, this ligand ligand is most frequently used. Furthermore, the performed catalyst is more active and selective than its in situ formed analogues and in almost all cases a slight excess of free ligand is added. The addition of a BrOnsted acid (with bulky, non-coordinating anion) as a co catalyst , as well as the addition of a substrate related aniline is known to improve both reactivity and selectivity. The experiment is carried out in inert atmosphere and addition of reactive drying agent is also known to be beneficial. The temperatures are mostly around 120 – 170 oC, and both the concentration of all components a nd the reaction times are differed considerably. Methanol is used as a typical solvent , which is partially consumed to yield the carbamate, but occasionally toluene/methanol or other alcohols are used. Finally, the influence of varying CO pressure results in different reactivity. Most reactions were performed at pCO = 40 – 80 bar, the best results were obtained at pCO = 100 bar, and the elevated pressures are believed to enhance the reactivity even further. The Mechanism The palladium catalyzed reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene in methanol has been investigated in great extent. All catalytic reactions were performed using both catalyst precursor and pre-formed complex resulted carbamate as well as side products. There are frequently reported (side-) products of this reaction are shown in Figure. : azobenzene(Azo), azoxybenzene (Azoxy), aniline and N.N’-diphenylurea (DPU). Azo and Azoxy are resulted as coupling product of nitrobenzene. Aniline and DPU are hydrogenation products which are indicating the presence of moisture in the reaction mixture as well as methanol could be source of H-atom for hydrogenation reaction. DPU is the carbamate analogue of isocyanate reacting with aniline which is the better nucleophile than methanol. The mechanism of reductive carbonylation of nitro compounds into carbamates has been extensively studied with palladium, (substituted) phenanthroline ligands, MeOH as solvent and an acid cocatalyst. The mechanism proposed by Mooibroek et al. seems to be the most complete as it also explains the formation of all side products Scheme: . The palladium-imido species L2Pd=NPh (C3) and the palladacycle L2PdC(O)N(Ph)OC(O) (C2) were considered as possible carbonylation product-releasing species for both (substituted) phenanthroline and diphosphine ligated catalytic system. The result of catalytic experiments , supported by spectroscopic (ESI-MS and NMR) compound C2 is not the major product- releasing intermediate in reactions performed in the absence of acid. In the absence of acid, Pd-imido complex C3 is the proposed reaction intermediate releasing PhN-containing (Azoxy, MPC, PhNH2) products. On the other hand, in the presence of acid the palladacycle complex C2 becomes the major product-releasing intermediate, resulting the nitrobenzene carbonylation product MPC with high selectivity. Different side products: In all catalytic reactions performed using both catalyst precursor and pre-formed complex resulted carbamate as well as side products. The side product are Conclusion and future prospects: In conclusion, the incentive research output from the last decade facilitated us to understand the catalytic reductive carbonylation reaction of nitroarenes to produce relevant carbamates. The reactivity of PdII compounds supported by 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) or the bidentate diaryl phosphane has been studied in the reaction of nitrobenzene with CO in methanol. The nitrobenzene reduction chemistry in the Pd/phen/CH3OH/H+ system resulted higher in selectivity but lower in activity wherein Pd/diphospane/CH3OH/H+ system shows higher in activity but lower in selectivity. Based on our continuing interest in reductive carbonylations of nitro-aromatic compounds and considering the importance towards sustainable synthesis of isocyanates, herein our further approach to develop a ultimate catalytic composition of reactants which can produce highly selective product with high yield having tiny or no side-products. However, despite rationalized molecular mechanism developed by Tiddo et. al. f or above catalytic system is still not efficient enough, nor is it exactly clear how the catalyst works. In recent years, Great progress has been made in extending the scope of palladium-catalyzed synthetic organic reactions introducing in-situ reductive carbonylation reaction with CO generated from the solvent molecules. Manirul et. al. have reported polymer anchored ruthenium based catalyst for reductive carbonylation. Raquel et. al. have investigated that gold nanoparticles are efficient in N-carbamoylation of aromatic amines. In this respect, further elucidation of the overall mechanism and research in new directions is urgent requirement to produce effective palladium based reductive carbonylation of nitro-aromatic compounds considering industrial background. Thus, the current research project will address several issues which are envisaged to be worthwhile to explore. Firstly, the modification of ligand system, secondly the designing of catalyst system, thirdly the mechanism, and finally the use of other additives in the catalyst system to be fine-tuned. Modification of ligand system: The active species in the catalytic cycle as Pd(0) are seem to be as stable as possible to prevent inactive metallic Pd(black) formation. Our previous research work were illustrated the sharp observation of the bidentate P or N ligand based Pd-catalyzed system to achieve maximum activity and selectivity. Our further observations are envisaged based on tripodal P and N system to stabilize Pd(0) species as well as Pd(II) species during catalytic transformations. The concept of monolegated active species stabilizing Pd(0) by steric bulk ligand is rationalized to enhance the reactivity. On the basis of the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides system employed with electron rich N-heterocycle carbene ligand which exhibits flexible steric bulk environment, Several factors will be assumed to be execute in these system: 1) electron-rich nature enhances the rate of oxidative addition, 2) the ligands coordinate tightly to the Pd to prevent the formation of Pd black, and 3) thei r steric bulk favors a 12 electron, monocarbene–Pd [L-Pd] species and increases the rate of reductive elimination. Variation in carbamate synthesis: The formation of carbamates in the catalytic system utilizing PdII, phenantroline, acid and various nucleophile has been studied extensively to find an alternative for MeOH as nucleophile. The objective is to yield a carbamate or urea which can be pyrolised at lower temperatures to save energy and prevent degradation of the formed isocyanate. The changing the nucleophile is not straightforward, as the use of another nucleophile as a solvent may be too expensive or not possible (if the nucleophile is a solid), hence use of a solvent may be necessary. Therefore, non –nucleophilic solvents have to be tested in combination with potential nucleophiles in the catalytic synthesis of carbamates and ureas. Despite the use of common known compound used as a nucleophile, still there are broad spectrum of nucleophiles to be tested with various combinations. Isolation of Palladium-imido complex:

Christianity and Abortion :: Papers

Christianity and Abortion The Christian belief in the sanctity of life is based on the teachings of famous Christians and on what they read in the bible, the teachings of Jesus. A quote from the bible which seems to support the view that abortion is wrong is from Psalm 139:13, verses 15-16,    â€Å"You created every part of me; You put me together in my mother’s womb†¦ When my bones were being formed, Carefully put me together in my mother’s womb. When I was growing there in secret, You knew that I was there – You saw me before I was born. The days allotted to me Had all been recorded in your book, Before any of them ever began.†    This seems to be saying that god has already begun to have an influence on the life of a person before they are even born. The life of a person is already unique and god has already given them their own identity before they are born. If this is true, and the quote seems to be saying that it is, then abortion would have to be seen as a crime on the same level as murder. There are no good grounds for murder, one of the Ten Commandments says,    â€Å"Do not commit murder.†    So, if we were to consider only this quote then we would have to see abortion as fundamentally wrong, any justification for abortion would become a justification for murder, and we can see no justification for murder, the ultimate sin. Another quote from the bible would seem to strengthen this view, Jeremiah 1:4-5    The Lord said to me, ‘I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations.†    This seems to suggest, as did the last quote, that God decides the fate of the child before it is born, abortion would prevent the child from Christianity and Abortion :: Papers Christianity and Abortion The Christian belief in the sanctity of life is based on the teachings of famous Christians and on what they read in the bible, the teachings of Jesus. A quote from the bible which seems to support the view that abortion is wrong is from Psalm 139:13, verses 15-16,    â€Å"You created every part of me; You put me together in my mother’s womb†¦ When my bones were being formed, Carefully put me together in my mother’s womb. When I was growing there in secret, You knew that I was there – You saw me before I was born. The days allotted to me Had all been recorded in your book, Before any of them ever began.†    This seems to be saying that god has already begun to have an influence on the life of a person before they are even born. The life of a person is already unique and god has already given them their own identity before they are born. If this is true, and the quote seems to be saying that it is, then abortion would have to be seen as a crime on the same level as murder. There are no good grounds for murder, one of the Ten Commandments says,    â€Å"Do not commit murder.†    So, if we were to consider only this quote then we would have to see abortion as fundamentally wrong, any justification for abortion would become a justification for murder, and we can see no justification for murder, the ultimate sin. Another quote from the bible would seem to strengthen this view, Jeremiah 1:4-5    The Lord said to me, ‘I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations.†    This seems to suggest, as did the last quote, that God decides the fate of the child before it is born, abortion would prevent the child from

British cycling safeguarding and protecting children policy Essay

There are strategies that aim to protect children and vulnerable adults from people who might seek to abuse them and cause them harm. And in order to achieve this is by monitoring people who seek admission to them through their work, paid, unpaid and voluntary. They will have to be registered under the vetting and barring scheme and will be checked against one of two barred lists and those wishing to work with children and one for those who want to work with vulnerable adults. Recruitment of staff: working with people who need much care can be so challenging and it requires trained staff who know how to deal with them. It is very important a person to undergo criminal records before working with vulnerable people, good checks and practice taking references from previous employers are very important as it might prevent risk coming to vulnerable people. People who require jobs that involve the care of vulnerable adults will always be required for CRB check and this is significant to the safeguarding of vulnerable adults as it means giving greater protection to susceptible adults. No Secrets -Department of Health Guidelines 2000: this offers a structure and content for development of local agency policies procedures and promotes safety to vulnerable people. This department is useful for people who feel they are at risk of abuse by their care providers and the local agency have the responsibility to protect and prevent any harm that comes to a vulnerable people. This also covers for to identify who is at risk and why this might be. And it sets out a multi-agency framework to encourage different agencies to work closer together. Safeguarding Adults – A National Framework for Good practice and outcomes in Adults Protection Work 2005: this protects and ensures that all services are doing their job and preventing any form of violence, abuse, bullying, humiliation, and degradation towards vulnerable people. These working strategies help reduce the risk of adults being abused as each organization is required the implementation of this work and representative on the local safeguarding Adults. This service also involves measuring achievements of the standards and introduced support programmes to assist in the process of safeguarding. They aim to ensure a nation-wide approach for protection of adults and closer multi-agency working. The Protection of Vulnerable Adults Scheme for Adults Placement Schemes 2004: this covers to protect adults from any sort of rick and harm and is required to staff who work in care homes, provide personal care in adult’s own homes or provide foster care for adults to be checked against the POVA list of banned professionals. Dignity in Care initiative 2006: This is a campaign that aims to end toleration of indignity in health and social care services through raising awareness and encouraging people to challenge poor service and lack of respect and also ensures all the order people to be treated with dignity and respect when receiving care from health and social care services. The service user receives a guide information which explains their rights and what they need to be provided and what they will be expecting from the health care services, this enables the elderly person to be aware of their rights and how they can identify when they are being abused by the care provider, this also helps reduce the risk and harm that might face the vulnerable adults. Human Right in Health Care -A Framework for Local Action 2007/08: This framework assists local NHS to trust develop and apply human rights approaches in the design and delivery of their services. Human rights aim to provide health care department with the principles of fairness, respect, equality, and dignity, this ensure all healthcare service users are not being discriminated against and are all being treated equally regardless of their backgrounds skin color and also as well as meeting Care Quality Commission standards of human rights and patients’ treatment and these working strategies reduces the risk of abuse towards patients and vulnerable people. Codes of Practice for Nursing and Social Work: This strategy of codes of practice for nursing and social work helps to reduce the risk of abuse against the vulnerable individual as the code presents the professional standards that nurses and midwives must uphold in order to be registered to practice in the UK. It is structured around four themes priorities people, practice effectively, preserves safety and promotes professionalism and trust and the code can be used by nurses and midwives as a way of reinforcing their professionalism.

Modernism Versus Postmodernism

Modernism vs. Postmodernism Post-modernism follows and shares many of the same ideas as modernism. Though, at the same time, they differ in many ways. These distinctions can be seen in the two works of literature, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller and â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† by David Mamet. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† represents the modernist literature. Modernism is a style of literature that came about after World War I in Europe. It emerged in the United States in the late 1920s. Modernism was the response to the commotion, which occurred during World War I.The narrator in the play is limited and omniscient; he or she observes the thoughts and actions of Willy, Biff, and other central characters in the story, a type of narration that was new to literature. Instead of writing literature objectively, many authors started to use a subjective writing style. Miller captures this in the character of Willy. The readers are able to see the world through th e eyes of this one character and what is going on inside of his head in many instances such as when he imagines seeing his brother and says â€Å"Ben, I’ve go to talk to you. †The idea of rejection of tradition but trying to find answers is one of the central themes throughout the play. The setting is captured around the American Dream. Willy, like the rest of men around him, only wish to have a perfect job to provide for a perfect family in a perfect home. Though, Willy’s job, family, and home are nowhere near perfect. Throughout the story, Willy struggles to live up to this materialistic society but is unable to and this is what leads to his downfall. Throughout the story he is looking for an answer, and he believes the answer is if he dies, his son, Biff, will be successful and rich.This leads to Willie’s death. Miller also shows the clear distinction between high and low popular culture. High culture, being the elite, and low culture, being the oneâ⠂¬â„¢s less well off. It is evident there are people who are better off than others in the play. Charlie is very well off and so is his son. Throughout the story, Willy collects money from him in order to support his family. He also tells him, â€Å"I offered you a job. You can make fifty dollars a week. And I won’t send you on the road† (Miller 96). There is a difference between Charlie and Willy’s well being, in that Charlie is able to provide jobs and Willy does not have a job.Modernism embraces the idea of a high culture. This is clearly evident because Willy is striving to become part of it. The idea of a low brawl is also evident, in which money is beauty. Because this play is subjective, and we see it through Willy’s eyes, money representing beauty and priority becomes a central idea throughout the play. In the play, it becomes evident that Willy does not know himself. Willy dies because of his inability to be happy and to be happy would mean he wo uld to know himself. Death of a Salesman also has a very ambiguous ending, which is another characteristic of modernist writing.It is left for the readers to identify and interpret that Willy has died and that not many people showed up to his funeral because he was not a well-liked person, even though he said he was. â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† represents postmodernism literature. Postmodernism emerged during the late years of WWII and started to appear more during the mid 1980s. Instead of having a grand narrative, postmodernism has many narratives. Post-modernists ideas had a large affect on economy, politics, and the way people. These aspects can be seen in the play through the idea of capitalism and consumption.In â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross,† the idea of consumption is wrong, which is contrary to â€Å"Death of a Salesman. † The want to make money leads to stealing, with Shelley breaking into the office and later becoming arrested for it. In the play, it is se en that money drives people to do crazy things and only leads to their downfall. Postmodernism proves to embrace the low culture, where the idea of elite, power, and money is not as important. Trying to make meaning becomes impossible and repressive and millions die in desire to create a great collective. Postmodernism is more accepting in regards to chaos.The idea of being okay in a world where there are no universal truths had become accepted. This can be seen in the play, because no characters are represented as true. They are living in a false world. This false world is made up of a false business with false leads and false people trying to sell them. When Shelly steals the leads, he is not doing anything different, because the leads are non-existent, imaginary properties that he stole to steal the money of other people, so in reality he is not stealing something of value and can relate to the rest of the characters.With this example, it is also seen that sympathy flows around. Mamet allows reader’s to like and relate to Shelley in some instances, like when he needs the money for his daughter, but at the same time Marnet allows us to dislike Shelley at some instances, because of his lying, scamming, and stealing. Our sympathy moves for different characters at different moments throughout the play, not only Shelley.